সাঁওতালি ও বাংলা লোকসাহিত্যে পশুপ্রতীক ও তার তাৎপর্য / Animal symbolism and Its Significance in Santali and Bengali Folk Literature

Abstract

This research paper explores the use of animal symbolism and its cultural significance in Santali and Bengali folk literature. Folk narratives, songs, myths, and oral traditions of both communities frequently employ animals not merely as characters, but as powerful symbolic devices that reflect social values, ethical codes, ecological awareness. The study undertakes a comparative analysis to understand how animal symbols function within these two distinct yet geographically and culturally interconnected traditions.

        In Santali folk literature, animals are deeply embedded in the indigenous worldview that emphasizes harmony between humans and nature. Animals such as the tiger, elephant, horse, snake, and various birds often represent strength, guardianship, fear, fertility, or spiritual mediation. These symbols are closely linked to animistic beliefs, clan totems, and ritual practices, where animals are viewed as ancestors, protectors, or messengers of the spirit world. The narratives highlight a reciprocal relationship between human and animals, underscoring respect for the natural environment.

         In Bengali folk literature, animal symbolism is equally rich but often reflects agrarian life, social hierarchy, moral instruction, and human psychology. Stories, proverbs, and folktales frequently use animals like the fox, crow, snake, and tiger to portray cleverness, greed, patience, evil, power, or virtue. Unlike Santali traditions, Bengali folk narratives often employ animals allegorically to critique social norms, human folles, and ethical dilemmas.

Through textual analysis and comparative interpretation, this paper demonstrates that while both traditions use animals as symbolic tools, their meaning are shaped by differing cultural contexts, belief systems, and socia-economic structures. The study highlights the shared folkloric heritage of the region while also emphasizing the unique indigenous and mainstream cultural expressions. Ultimately, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of how animal symbolism in folk literature serves as a mirror of human society and cultural identity.